human colon epithelial cell line  (ATCC)

Journal: PLOS Pathogens

Article Title: Conformations and sequence determinants in the lipid binding of an adhesive peptide derived from Vibrio cholerae biofilms

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013990

Figure Lengend Snippet: Shown are 3D renderings of confocal images of Caco-2 cells stained with 300 nM of DAPI (blue) for nuclei, 3 μg/mL of FM 4-64 (red) for membranes, and 1.5 µM FITC-labeled peptides (green). The total size of each image is 220 × 220 × 28 µm.

Article Snippet: Human colonic epithelial Caco-2 cells (ATCC HTB-37) were obtained from ATCC and authenticated by ATCC based on morphology, doubling time, and STR profiling.

Techniques: Staining, Labeling

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: Silver nanoparticles at sub-cytotoxic levels increase enteric pathogen invasion by compromising intestinal epithelial barrier integrity

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1745955

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of 10 and 20 µg/mL AgNPs pretreatment on bacterial adhesion, invasion, and persistence in infected T84 epithelial cells. T84 cells were pretreated or 24 hours with 10 nm AgNPs at 10 or 20 µg/mL, followed infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg strain 146. (a) Bacterial adhesion, invasion, and persistence were quantified by measuring CFU/mL (as described in M&Ms). (b) Bacterial survival percentage in T84 cells during adhesion, invasion and persistence following AgNPs treatment. Survival was calculated by dividing CFU/mL (as described in M&Ms) for each condition by its corresponding control (set to 100% and therefore not shown as a separate bar) and expressed as a percentage. Bars represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments performed in biological triplicates. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences compared to respective untreated infection controls (** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.0005; unpaired t-test).

Article Snippet: Human colon carcinoma T84 epithelial cells (ATCC ® CCL-248TM) were cultured in complete medium composed of Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium/Ham’s F-12 (DMEM/F-12) supplemented with l-glutamine and HEPES (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 0.1% fungizone (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Infection, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: Silver nanoparticles at sub-cytotoxic levels increase enteric pathogen invasion by compromising intestinal epithelial barrier integrity

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1745955

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relative expression of genes related to cell-cell junction and epithelial barrier function in T84 cells following AgNPs exposure and bacterial infection. T84 cells were pretreated with 10 nm AgNPs at either 10 µg/mL or 20 µg/mL, alone or in combination with S. enterica under invasion (1 h + gentamicin) or persistence (24 h + gentamicin) conditions. Invasion control consists of infected cells that are not pretreated with AgNPs but treated with gentamicin for 1 hour, while persistence control consists of infected cells not pretreated with AgNPs but treated with gentamicin for 24 hours. Gene expression (as described in M&Ms) was measured using RT² Profiler PCR arrays and is represented as Log 2 fold regulation relative to untreated control cells. (a) Focal adhesion genes, (b) Gap junction genes, (c) Tight junction genes, and (d) Adherens Junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes genes. Bars represent mean ± SE from biological triplicates. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences compared to uninfected and AgNPs untreated control (p < 0.05) (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.005; unpaired t-test).

Article Snippet: Human colon carcinoma T84 epithelial cells (ATCC ® CCL-248TM) were cultured in complete medium composed of Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium/Ham’s F-12 (DMEM/F-12) supplemented with l-glutamine and HEPES (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 0.1% fungizone (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Infection, Control, Gene Expression

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: Silver nanoparticles at sub-cytotoxic levels increase enteric pathogen invasion by compromising intestinal epithelial barrier integrity

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1745955

Figure Lengend Snippet: Concentration of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in T84 epithelial cells following AgNPs exposure and bacterial infection. Cytokine concentrations in the supernatants of T84 cells pretreated with 10 µg/mL or 20 µg/mL of 10 nm AgNPs and exposed to S. enterica under invasion or persistence conditions. (a) Pro-inflammatory cytokines and (b) Anti-inflammatory cytokine. Bars represent mean ± SE from biological triplicates. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences compared to uninfected and AgNPs untreated control (p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human colon carcinoma T84 epithelial cells (ATCC ® CCL-248TM) were cultured in complete medium composed of Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium/Ham’s F-12 (DMEM/F-12) supplemented with l-glutamine and HEPES (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 0.1% fungizone (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Infection, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: Silver nanoparticles at sub-cytotoxic levels increase enteric pathogen invasion by compromising intestinal epithelial barrier integrity

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1745955

Figure Lengend Snippet: Concentration of growth factors, chemokines, and Th2 cytokines in T84 epithelial cells following AgNPs exposure and bacterial infection. T84 cells were treated with 10 nm AgNPs at 10 µg/mL or 20 µg/mL, either alone or in combination with S. enterica invasion or persistence. Invasion control consisted of infected cells that were not pretreated with AgNPs but treated with gentamicin for 1 hour, while persistence control consisted of infected cells not pretreated with AgNPs but treated with gentamicin for 24 hours. (a) Growth factors, (b) chemokines, and (c) Th2 cytokines. Bars represent mean ± SE from biological triplicates. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences compared to control (p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human colon carcinoma T84 epithelial cells (ATCC ® CCL-248TM) were cultured in complete medium composed of Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium/Ham’s F-12 (DMEM/F-12) supplemented with l-glutamine and HEPES (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 0.1% fungizone (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Infection, Control

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Clostridioides difficile TcdB induces expression of its receptor (CSPG4) through a noncanonical Hippo signaling mechanism

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2026.111137

Figure Lengend Snippet: Core Hippo kinase regulation of CSPG4 in TcdB exposed pericytes . A , pericytes were exposed to 1 ng/ml of TcdB2 for 24 h and colonic epithelial cells were exposed to 10 ng/ml of TcdB2 for 24 h. Multiple wells from each treatment were combined for RNA isolation. RT-qPCR was used to quantify CSPG4 transcripts. RT-qPCR data are presented as mean (n = 3) ± S.D. with each data point as a technical replicate. ∗ p < 0.05 determined by Student’s t test. B , Immunoblots from protein lysates acquired from pericytes exposed for 24 h to 1 ng/ml of TcdB. C , immunoblots from protein lysates obtained from pericytes or HeLa cells exposed for 24 h to 1 ng/ml of TcdB. Phosphorylated LATS1 (pLATS1) was detected with an antibody recognizing phosphorylation at Thr 1079. D , densitometry analysis of pLATS1 immunoblots. Relative band density is presented as mean (n = 2) ± S.D. with each data point as a technical replicate. ∗ p < 0.05 determined by Student’s t test. E , immunoblots from protein lysates acquired from pericyte or HeLa cells exposed for 24 h to 1 ng/ml of TcdB in the presence or absence of 10 μM XMU-MP-1. F , immunoblots from protein lysates taken from HeLa cells exposed for 24 h to 1 ng/ml of TcdB with and without of 30 μM TRULI.

Article Snippet: Primary human colonic epithelial cells (36,037–08) were obtained from Celprogen and were cultured using the protocol provided by Celprogen.

Techniques: Isolation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Phospho-proteomics